‘Joburg has its own momentum’: Towards a vernacular theorisation of urban change

War has its own momentum: How windows of opportunity prevent negotiated settlements

Why do wars continue even when their original causes are resolved? I offer a rationalist explanation: wars end in a negotiated settlement only when wartime and peacetime balances of power are approximately equal. Since fighting tends to shift the wartime balance of power, war creates its own commitment problems which can preclude a peaceful settlement—even after its initial causes have become i...

A Qualitative Approach towards Implementation of Urban Sustainability in Tehran

Sustainability as a predominant paradigm of 21st century adopted as the best approach to tackle the issues which threat the environment and people’s well-being. As cities in the world are places in which most of the population in the world settles, the best way of ensuring sustainability would be by observing a set of rules and regulations. There are various sets of urban regulations, rating sy...

Has the Standard Cognitive Reflection Test Become a Victim of Its Own Success?

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a hugely influential problem solving task that measures individual differences in the propensity to reflect on and override intuitive (but incorrect) solutions. The validity of this three-item measure depends on participants being naïve to its materials and objectives. Evidence from 142 volunteers recruited online suggests this is often not the case. Over ...

origins of armenia’s foreign policy and its foreign policy towards iran

foreign policy takes root from complicated matters. however, this issue may be more truth about armenia. although the new government of armenia is less than 20 years, people of this territory are the first ones who officially accepted christianity. in very past times, these people were a part of great emperors like iran, rome, and byzantium.armenia is regarded as a nation with a privileged hist...

The grammar of urban African American Vernacular English*